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A Chandra observation of the X-ray environment and jet of 3C 31
We have used a deep Chandra observation of the central regions of thetwin-jet Fanaroff-Riley class I (FRI) radio galaxy 3C 31 to resolve thethermal X-ray emission in the central few kpc of the host galaxy, NGC383, where the jets are thought to be decelerating rapidly. This allowsus to make high-precision measurements of the density, temperature andpressure distributions in this region, and to show that the X-rayemitting gas in the centre of the galaxy has a cooling time of only5×107yr. In a companion paper, these measurements areused to place constraints on models of the jet dynamics. A previouslyunknown one-sided X-ray jet in 3C 31, extending up to 8arcsec from thenucleus, is detected and resolved. Its structure and steep X-rayspectrum are similar to those of X-ray jets known in other FRI sources,and we attribute the radiation to synchrotron emission from ahigh-energy population of electrons. In situ particle acceleration isrequired in the region of the jet where bulk deceleration is takingplace. We also present X-ray spectra and luminosities of the galaxies inthe Arp 331 chain of which NGC 383 is a member. The spectrum and spatialproperties of the nearby bright X-ray source 1E 0104+3153 are used toargue that the soft X-ray emission is mostly due to a foreground groupof galaxies rather than to the background broad absorption-line quasar.
| Redshift-Distance Survey of Early-Type Galaxies. I. The ENEARc Cluster Sample
This paper presents data on the ENEARc subsample of the larger ENEARsurvey of nearby early-type galaxies. The ENEARc galaxies belong toclusters and were specifically chosen to be used for the construction ofa Dn-σ template. The ENEARc sample includes newmeasurements of spectroscopic and photometric parameters (redshift,velocity dispersion, line index Mg2, and the angular diameterdn), as well as data from the literature. New spectroscopicdata are given for 229 cluster early-type galaxies, and new photometryis presented for 348 objects. Repeat and overlap observations withexternal data sets are used to construct a final merged catalogconsisting of 640 early-type galaxies in 28 clusters. Objectivecriteria, based on catalogs of groups of galaxies derived from completeredshift surveys of the nearby universe, are used to assign galaxies toclusters. In a companion paper, these data are used to construct thetemplate Dn-σ distance relation for early-typegalaxies, which has been used to estimate galaxy distances and derivepeculiar velocities for the ENEAR all-sky sample. Based on observationsat Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito, operated under agreement betweenthe Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de laRepública Argentina and the National Universities of La Plata,Córdoba, and San Juan; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory,National Optical Astronomical Observatory, which is operated by theAssociation of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., undercooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation; the EuropeanSouthern Observatory (ESO), partially under the ESO-ON agreement; theFred Lawrence Whipple Observatory; the Observatório do Pico dosDias, operated by the Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísicaand the MDM Observatory at Kitt Peak.
| X-ray luminosities of galaxies in groups
We have derived the X-ray luminosities of a sample of galaxies ingroups, making careful allowance for contaminating intragroup emission.The LX:LB and LX:LFIRrelations of spiral galaxies in groups appear to be indistinguishablefrom those in other environments, however the elliptical galaxies fallinto two distinct classes. The first class is central-dominant groupgalaxies, which are very X-ray luminous and may be the focus of groupcooling flows. All other early-type galaxies in groups belong to thesecond class, which populates an almost constant band ofLX/LB over the range9.8
| Stellar population of ellipticals in different environments: near-infrared spectroscopic observations
Near-infrared spectra of 50 elliptical galaxies in the Pisces, Abell2199 and 2634 clusters, and in the general field, have been obtained.The strength of the CO (2.3-mu m) absorption feature in these galaxiesis used to explore the presence of an intermediate-age population (e.g.asymptotic giant branch stars) in ellipticals in different environments.We find that the strongest evidence for such a population comes fromellipticals in groups of a few members, which we interpret as the resultof recent minor merging of these galaxies with later-type galaxies.Field galaxies from very isolated environments, on the other hand, showno evidence for young or intermediate-age stars as revealed by Hβand CO absorptions, and appear to form a very uniform, old populationwith very little scatter in metallicity and star formation history.
| The Universality of the Fundamental Plane of E and S0 Galaxies: Spectroscopic Data
We present central velocity dispersion measurements for 325 early-typegalaxies in eight clusters and groups of galaxies, including newobservations for 212 galaxies. The clusters and groups are the A262,A1367, Coma (A1656), A2634, Cancer, and Pegasus Clusters and the NGC 383and NGC 507 Groups. The new measurements were derived frommedium-dispersion spectra that cover 600 Å centered on the Mg I btriplet at lambda ~ 5175 Å. Velocity dispersions were measuredusing the Tonry & Davis cross-correlation method, with a typicalaccuracy of 6%. A detailed comparison with other data sources is made.
| The Universality of the Fundamental Plane of E and S0 Galaxies: Sample Definition and I-Band Photometric Data
As part of a project to compare the fundamental plane and Tully-Fisherdistance scales, we present here I-band CCD photometry for 636early-type galaxies in eight clusters and groups of galaxies. These arethe A262, A1367, Coma (A1656), A2634, Cancer and Pegasus Clusters, andthe NGC 383 and NGC 507 Groups. Sample selection, cluster properties,and cluster membership assignment criteria are discussed. We presentphotometric parameters that are used in the fundamental plane relation,the effective radius r_e, and the effective surface brightness mu_e, asderived from a r^1/4 fit to the observed radial photometric profile ofeach galaxy. A comparison with similar data found in the literature forthe Coma Cluster shows that large systematic uncertainties can beintroduced in the measurement of r_e and mu_e by the particular methodused to derive those parameters. However, the particular combination ofthese two parameters that enters in the fundamental plane relation is aquantity that can be measured with high accuracy.
| A catalogue of Mg_2 indices of galaxies and globular clusters
We present a catalogue of published absorption-line Mg_2 indices ofgalaxies and globular clusters. The catalogue is maintained up-to-datein the HYPERCAT database. The measurements are listed together with thereferences to the articles where the data were published. A codeddescription of the observations is provided. The catalogue gathers 3541measurements for 1491 objects (galaxies or globular clusters) from 55datasets. Compiled raw data for 1060 galaxies are zero-point correctedand transformed to a homogeneous system. Tables 1, 3, and 4 areavailable in electronic form only at the CDS, Strasbourg, via anonymousftp 130.79.128.5. Table 2 is available both in text and electronic form.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| Galaxy clusters in the Perseus-Pisces region. I - Spectroscopic and photometric data for early-type galaxies
We present new spectroscopic and photometric data for 137 early-typegalaxies in nine clusters and for a set of nearby standard galaxies. Ourspectroscopic data comprise radial velocities, central velocitydispersions, and magnesium line strength indices. We demonstrate thatour new velocity dispersion data can be brought into consistency withthe standard system, to an uncertainty of percent 0.01 dex. From R-bandCCD photometry, we derive the effective diameter, the mean surfacebrightness within the effective diameter, and an R-band diameterequivalent to the Dn parameter of Dressler et al. Internal comparisonsindicate an average error of 0.005 in each measurement of log Dn. Thephotometric data can be brought on to a system consistent with externaldata at the level of 0.5 per cent in distance.
| Stellar population of elliptical galaxies in different environments: spectroscopic CO observations
Near-infrared spectra of a sample of 21 elliptical galaxies in thePisces and Abell 2634 clusters and the general field have been obtained.The strengths of CO (2.3 μm) absorption features in these galaxiesare used to explore the presence of an intermediate-age population(e.g., asymptotic giant branch stars) in ellipticals in differentenvironments. The CO absorption features in the spectra of fieldellipticals are found to be stronger than those in clusters, withaverage indices of 0.247+/-0.018 and 0.218+/-0.018 respectively. The twodistributions are different at the 95 per cent confidence level.Differences in metallicities and absolute magnitudes among the field andcluster ellipticals cannot explain these observations. This isinterpreted as evidence for an intermediate-age stellar population inthe field galaxies, indicative of a more extended or recent epoch ofstar formation. The effect of CO indices on the scatter in the opticalD_n-sigma and L-sigma relations of ellipticals is explored, and thereare indications of a smaller intrinsic scatter in these relations forisolated galaxies compared to those in richer environments.
| Redshift and Optical Properties for S Statistically Complete Sample of Poor Galaxy Clusters
From the poor cluster catalog of White et al. (1996), we define a sampleof 71 optically-selected poor galaxy clusters. The surface-densityenhancement we require for our clusters falls between that of the looseassociations of Turner & Gott [AJ, 91,204(1976)] and the Hicksoncompact groups [Hickson, ApJ, 255, 382(1982)]. We review the selectionbiases and determine the statistical completeness of the sample. Forthis sample, we report new velocity measurements made with the ARC 3.5-mDual-Imaging spectrograph and the 2.3-m Steward Observatory MX fiberspectrograph. Combining our own measurements with those from theliterature, we examine the velocity distributions, velocity dispersions,and ID velocity substructure for our poor cluster sample, and compareour results to other poor cluster samples. We find that approximatelyhalf of the sample may have significant ID velocity substructure. Theoptical morphology, large-scale environment, and velocity field of manyof these clusters are indicative of young, dynamically evolving systems.In future papers, we will use this sample to derive the poor clusterx-ray luminosity function and gas mass function, and will examine theoptical/x-ray properties of the clusters in more detail.
| An image database. II. Catalogue between δ=-30deg and δ=70deg.
A preliminary list of 68.040 galaxies was built from extraction of35.841 digitized images of the Palomar Sky Survey (Paper I). For eachgalaxy, the basic parameters are obtained: coordinates, diameter, axisratio, total magnitude, position angle. On this preliminary list, weapply severe selection rules to get a catalog of 28.000 galaxies, wellidentified and well documented. For each parameter, a comparison is madewith standard measurements. The accuracy of the raw photometricparameters is quite good despite of the simplicity of the method.Without any local correction, the standard error on the total magnitudeis about 0.5 magnitude up to a total magnitude of B_T_=17. Significantsecondary effects are detected concerning the magnitudes: distance toplate center effect and air-mass effect.
| General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups
We present a whole sky catalog of nearby groups of galaxies taken fromthe Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database. From the 78,000 objects in thedatabase, we extracted a sample of 6392 galaxies, complete up to thelimiting apparent magnitude B0 = 14.0. Moreover, in order to considersolely the galaxies of the local universe, all the selected galaxieshave a known recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s. Two methods wereused in group construction: a Huchra-Geller (1982) derived percolationmethod and a Tully (1980) derived hierarchical method. Each method gaveus one catalog. These were then compared and synthesized to obtain asingle catalog containing the most reliable groups. There are 485 groupsof a least three members in the final catalog.
| Determination of the relative spectrophotometric gradients of galaxies. IV
Relative spectrophotometric gradients of continua are determined for 195galaxies. The spectra have been obtained with the 70-cm meniscustelescope of the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory using a 2-degpreobjective prism (the reverse linear dispersion was 1200 A/mm inH-gamma). The gradient values were reduced to the AO spectral class andcorrected for light absorption in the Galaxy.
| A VLA 20 CM survey of poor groups of galaxies
The paper reports on VLA 20 cm observations of an extensive sample ofgalaxies in 139 poor groups. These groups, composed of galaxies down tothe limit of the Zwicky et al. (CGCG) catalog, were chosen using apercolation algorithm set at a high surface-density threshold.Approximately 50 percent of the groups have measured redshifts. Thesegroups were surveyed using a 'snapshot' mode of the VLA with aresolution of about 13 arcsec. Analysis of the resulting radio andoptical properties reveals that the presence of a nearby companiongalaxy has an important role in generating radio emission in a galaxy.CCD observations of two radio-loud, disturbed galaxies with companionsare presented and are used to discuss models of radio-source production.Nine tailed radio galaxies are found in the poor groups, which is muchmore than had been expected from previous work on rich clusters and fromtheoretical models. The paper discusses previous statistical biases andproposes a method for bending head-tail sources in poor groups. From theconfinement of extended radio features associated with tailed sources,the presence of a substantial intracluster medium that should radiatesignificantly at soft-X-ray energies is predicted.
| The kinematics of stars and gas in radio galaxies
New data on the stellar kinematics of 12 elliptical galaxies associatedwith powerful double radio sources are presented and combined withsimilar published data on nine other such galaxies. The data show thatthe parent galaxies of radio sources do not as a class, or even onaverage, exhibit rapidly rotating stellar components when compared withnormal elliptical galaxies. There are indications that high rotationspeeds may be related to galaxy interactions or mergers. No strongevidence is found for good alignment between the radio ejection andstellar rotation axes, even for large and/or powerful radio sourceswhere such an alignment has been previously suggested. The datademonstrate that large radio sources are usually well aligned with therotation axis of the emission line gas, while small sources apparentlyare not.
| Morphological study of galaxies with high surface brightness. II - Arakelian 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, and 79
A morphological study of six high-surface-brightness galaxies wasperformed with the 2-m Ritchey-Chretien telescope of the BulgarianNational Astronomical Observatory (1 x 1 deg plates, a scale of 12.9arcsec/mm, and B color). Four isodensity curves are given for eachgalaxy. The morphological types are close to those determinedpreviously, but untypical features are observed in nearly all theobjects. This phenomenon is probably connected with another feature ofArakelian galaxies, i.e., the bulk of these galaxies show emission linesin their spectra.
| Radio continuum emission of nearby elliptical galaxies Statistical properties
A sample of 123 elliptical galaxies is compiled from optically selectedsamples observed at 1.4 GHz with the Westerbork Synthesis RadioTelescope. The analysis of the sample properties confirms thecorrelation of the radio continuum emission with optical luminosity, gascontent and roundness, but no indications for the influence of theenvironment are found. These results are discussed in relation to thehypothesis that accretion of gas onto the galaxy center is responsiblefor the radio emission.
| Accurate Optical Positions of Arakelian Galaxies
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1981AJ.....86..820K&db_key=AST
| Galaxies of high surface brightness
Two lists are presented which contain 621 galaxies whose surfacebrightness, as derived from their apparent magnitudes, is at least 22.0magnitudes from an area of 1 sq arcsec. The lists were compiled in anattempt to verify observationally a possible correlation between surfacebrightness and nuclear activity. Four percent of all the galaxies in anarea of 4.5 sr at declinations higher than -3 deg and galactic latitudesgreater than 20 deg are listed, including 30 Markarian, 29 Zwicky, and 7blue Haro galaxies. A morphological study of 130 of the galaxiesindicates that about half are elliptical or lenticular, 50 are compactor peculiar, and that there is an excess of elliptical and lenticularobjects in comparison with a random sample. Notes on the morphologicaltypes and colors of the galaxies are provided along with identificationcharts.
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